Cybersecurity in Nepal: Importance, Challenges, and Future in 2025

Introduction

Cybersecurity refers to the practices, technologies, and processes designed to protect computers, networks, programs, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, or damage. In Nepal, as digital adoption accelerates, cybersecurity has become a critical concern in 2025.

With over 30 million internet users and rapid growth in digital financial services, Nepal faces increasing cyber threats that could undermine economic growth, national security, and citizen trust in digital platforms.

The Growing Need for Cybersecurity in Nepal

Increased Internet Usage and Mobile Banking

Nepal’s internet penetration exceeded 90% by mid-2024, with more than 23.7 million mobile banking users and 1.9 million internet banking users. This surge has expanded the attack surface for cybercriminals.

Digital Transformation Post-COVID

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in Nepal, pushing more government services, education, and commerce online. This shift has increased reliance on digital infrastructure, making cybersecurity indispensable.

Rise in Cybercrime & Online Scams

Cybercrime complaints have surged dramatically. Nepal Police Cyber Bureau reported:

Year	Complaints	Increase	Top Category
2022-23	9,013	40%	Financial Fraud
2023-24	19,730	119%	Social Media Scams
2024-25 (Q1)	6,210	27% (projected)	Phishing

Common Cyber Threats Faced in Nepal

Phishing and Email Scams

Phishing remains the most prevalent cyber threat, where attackers impersonate trusted entities to steal credentials or money. Over 2,500 phishing complaints linked to banking fraud were reported in 2023-24.

Social Media Account Hacking

Social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp are primary targets for account hijacking and scams, with thousands of complaints filed in 2024 alone.

Ransomware and Malware Attacks

Although less publicly reported, ransomware and malware attacks threaten Nepal’s critical infrastructure, including banks and government agencies, as evidenced by the 2024 F1Soft breach and NRB data leak.

Government & Bank Website Defacements

Defacement attacks on government and bank websites have been reported, undermining public confidence and disrupting services.

Real Incidents of Cyber Attacks in Nepal

Challenges in Nepal’s Cybersecurity Landscape

Lack of Awareness Among Public

Studies show low cybersecurity awareness among students, teachers, and the general public, with many unaware of basic online safety practices.

Limited Skilled Professionals

Nepal faces a shortage of trained cybersecurity experts. The Cyber Bureau is understaffed, with only 28 IT specialists handling thousands of cases.

Weak Infrastructure and Legal Gaps

Outdated IT infrastructure and gaps in cyber laws hinder effective prevention and prosecution of cybercrimes.

Steps Taken to Improve Cybersecurity

Role of Nepal Police Cyber Bureau

The Cyber Bureau actively investigates cybercrimes, issues public warnings, and collaborates with international agencies to combat cyber threats.

Cyber Law and Policies

The Government of Nepal has introduced the Nepal Cyber Security Strategy 2022 and is enhancing legal frameworks to address emerging cyber risks.

Private Sector & Ethical Hackers Involvement

Increasing engagement of ethical hackers and private firms supports vulnerability assessments and incident response across sectors.

How Individuals Can Protect Themselves

Strong Passwords and 2FA

Use complex passwords and enable two-factor authentication on all accounts to reduce unauthorized access risks.

Recognizing Phishing Attempts

Be cautious of suspicious emails, links, and messages asking for personal or financial information.

Using VPNs and Antivirus

Employ trusted VPN services and keep antivirus software updated to protect devices from malware and data interception.

The Future of Cybersecurity in Nepal

Growing Demand for Ethical Hackers

The cybersecurity job market in Nepal is projected to grow over 16% annually through 2029, with high demand for ethical hackers and security analysts.

Importance of Cybersecurity Education

Expanding cybersecurity education at schools, universities, and professional levels is critical to building a secure digital future.

The Need for National Cyber Strategy

A comprehensive national cyber strategy integrating government, private sector, and civil society efforts is essential to address evolving threats effectively.

Conclusion

Cybersecurity in Nepal is a growing priority amid rapid digitalization and rising cyber threats. While challenges remain, ongoing government initiatives, increased awareness, and workforce development offer hope. Staying informed and vigilant is vital for individuals and institutions alike to secure Nepal’s digital future.

Call to action: Stay updated on cybersecurity trends, practice safe online habits, and help spread awareness to build a safer Nepalese cyberspace.